Patent Grant
7807549
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to bonding of materials at room temperature and, in particular, to bonding of processed semiconductor materials, such as integrated circuit or device substrates, having activated surfaces to achieve high bonding strength adequate for subsequent fabrication and/or a desired application.
2. Background of the Invention
Direct room temperature bonding generally produces weak van der Waals or hydrogen bonding. Annealing is typically required to convert the weak bond to a stronger chemical bond such as a covalent bond. Other wafer bonding techniques including anodic and fusion typically require the application of voltage, pressure and/or annealing at elevated temperature to achieve a sufficient bond strength for subsequent fabrication and/or the desired application. The need to apply voltage, pressure or heat has significantly limited wafer bonding applications because these parameters can damage the materials being wafer bonded, give rise to internal stress and introduce undesirable changes in the devices or materials being bonded. Achieving a strong bond at low temperatures is also critical for bonding of thermally mismatched or thermally sensitive wafers including processed device wafers.
Ultra high vacuum (UHV) bonding is one of the approaches to achieve a low or room temperature strong bond. However, the bonding wafers still have to be pre-annealed at high temperatures, for instance >600° C. for silicon and 500° C. for GaAs, before cooling down to low or room temperature for bonding. Furthermore, the UHV approach does not generally work on commonly used materials, for example, in SiO2. It is further also expensive and inefficient.
Adhesive layers can also be used to bond device wafers to a variety of substrates and to transfer device layers at low temperatures. However, thermal and chemical instability, interface bubbles, stress and the inhomogeneous nature of adhesive layers prevent its wide application. It is thus highly desirable to achieve a strong bond at room temperature by bonding wafers in ambient without any adhesive, external pressure or applied electric field.
Low vacuum bonding has been explored as a more convenient alternative to UHV bonding but a bonding energy comparable to the bulk silicon fracture energy using bonded bare silicon wafer pairs has only be achieved after annealing at ˜150° C. For oxide covered silicon wafer pairs annealing at ˜300° C. is required to obtain a high bond energy. It has not been possible to obtain high bonding energies in bonded material using low vacuum bonding at room temperature.
A gas plasma treatment prior to bonding in ambient is known to enhance the bonding energy of bonded silicon pairs at low or room temperature. See, for example, G. L. Sun, Q.-Y. Tong, et al., J. de Physique, 49(C4), 79 (1988); G. G. Goetz, Proc. of 1st Intl. Symp. on Semicond. Wafer Bonding: Science, Technol. and Applications, The Electrochem. Soc., 92-7, 65 (1992); S. Farrens et al., J. Electroch. Soc., 142,3950 (1995) and Amirffeiz et al, Abstracts of 5th Intl. Symp. on Semi. Wafer Bonding: Science, Tech. and Appl., The Electrochemical Society, 99-2, Abstract No. 963 (1999). Although these treatments have increased the bond energy obtainable at low or room temperature, they have only been demonstrated with planar silicon wafers or with silicon wafers using a plasma process that results in oxide being grown on the wafers during the plasma process. Moreover, these treatments have only been used to increase the bond energy by charging or damaging the surface. Furthermore, these treatments have not been used or shown to be applicable to deposited dielectrics or other materials.
Obtaining low or room temperature bonding with a method that is not only applicable to planar silicon and grown oxide surfaces but further to deposited materials and non-planar surfaces with planarized deposited materials will allow generic materials, including processed semiconductor wafers, to be bonded with minimal damage for manufacturing purposes. Such a method based on etching and chemical bonding is described herein.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for bonding materials at low or room temperature.
It is another object of the invention to bond materials by cleaning and activating the bonding surfaces to promote chemical bond formation at about room temperature.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a bonding method to bond any solid state material such as processed device or integrated circuit wafers or thermally sensitive or mismatched materials at or about room temperature.
It is further object of the invention to provide a bonding method to bond processed device or integrated circuit wafers of different types of devices or different technologies, and transfer a layer of devices or circuits at or about room temperature.
It is another object of the invention to enable a direct wafer bonding method that does not require annealing to achieve a required bond strength.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method whereby diverse materials including those with non-planar surfaces and deposited materials can be planarized and bonded.
These and other objects are achieved by a method of bonding having steps of forming first and second bonding surfaces, etching the first and second bonding surfaces, and
bonding together at room temperature the first and second bonding surfaces after said etching step. The etching may include etching the first and second bonding surfaces such that respective surface roughnesses of the first and second bonding surfaces after said etching are substantially the same as respective surface roughnesses before said etching. The surface roughness may be in a range of 0.1 to 3.0 nm.
The bonding surfaces may be the surface of a deposited insulating material, such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride or a dielectric polymer. The bonding surface may also be the surface of a silicon wafer. Silicon wafers, using either the surface of the wafer or a deposited material on the wafer, may be bonded together. The wafers may have devices or integrated circuits formed therein. The devices and circuits in the wafers bonded together may be interconnected. The wafers may have a non-planar surface or an irregular surface topology upon which a material is deposited to form the bonding surfaces.
Forming at least one of the bonding surfaces may include depositing a polishable material on a non-planar surface. Depositing said polishable material may include depositing one of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or a dielectric polymer. The bonding surfaces may be polished using a method such as chemical-mechanical polishing. The surfaces may also be etched prior to the polishing.
The etching step may also include activating the first and second bonding surfaces and forming selected bonding groups on the first and second bonding surfaces. Bonding groups may also be formed capable of forming chemical bonds at approximately room temperature, and chemical bonds may be formed between the bonding surfaces allowing bonded groups to diffuse or dissociate away from an interface of the bonding surfaces. The chemical bonds can increase the bonding strength between the bonding surfaces by diffusing or dissociating away said bonding groups.
After said etching step, the bonding surfaces may be immersed in a solution to form bonding surfaces terminated with desired species. The species may comprise at least one of a silanol group, an NH2 group, a fluorine group and an HF group. Also, a monolayer of one of a desired atom and a desired molecule may be formed on the bonding surface. Terminating the surface may include rinsing said bonding materials in an ammonia-based solution after said slightly etching. The ammonia-based solution may be ammonium hydroxide or ammonium fluoride.
The method may also include exposing the bonding surfaces to one of an oxygen, argon, NH3 and CF4 RIE plasma process. Silicon dioxide may be deposited as to form the bonding surfaces, and etched using the RIE process.
The etching process may create a defective or damaged zone proximate to the bonding surfaces. The defective or damaged zone can facilitate the removal of bonding by-products through diffusion or dissociation.
The method may also include steps of forming first and second bonding surfaces, etching the bonding surfaces, terminating the bonding surfaces with a species allowing formation of chemical bonds at about room temperature, and bonding the bonding surfaces at about room temperature, or may include steps of forming the bonding surfaces each having a surface roughness in a range of 0.1 to 3 nm, removing material from the bonding surfaces while maintaining said surface roughness, and directly bonding the bonding surfaces at room temperature with a bonding strength of at least 500 mJ/m2, at least 1000 mJ/m2, or at least 2000 mJ/m2.
The objects of the invention may also be achieved by a bonded device having a first material having a first etched bonding surface, and a second material having a second etched bonding surface directly bonded to the first bonding surface at room temperature having a bonding strength of at least 500 to 2000 mJ/m2. The bonding surfaces may be being activated and terminated with a desired bonding species, and the desired species may include a monolayer of one of a desired atom and a desired molecule on said bonding surface or at least one of a silanol group, an NH2 group, a fluorine group and an HF group. The bonding surfaces may each have a defective region located proximate to said first and second bonding surfaces, respectively.
The first material may include a surface of a first semiconductor wafer having devices formed therein, and the second material may include a surface of a second semiconductor wafer having devices formed therein. Devices in the wafers may be interconnected, and the wafers may be of different technologies. The wafers may also have an integrated circuit formed therein, and devices or circuits in the wafers may be interconnected.
One of said first and second wafers may be a device region after removing a substantial portion of a substrate of said one of said first and second wafers. The wafers may have an irregular surface topology.
The first material may include a first wafer containing electrical devices and having a first non-planar surface, and the first bonding surface may include a polished and etched deposited oxide layer on said first non-planar surface. The second material may include a second wafer containing electrical devices and having a second non-planar surface, and the second bonding surface may include a polished, planarized and slightly etched deposited oxide layer on the second non-planar surface.
The first material may include a first wafer containing electrical devices and having a first surface with irregular topology, and the first bonding surface may include a polished, planarized and slightly etched deposited oxide layer on the first surface. The second material may include a second wafer containing electrical devices and having a second surface with irregular topology, and the second bonding surface may include a polished, planarized and slightly etched deposited oxide layer on the second surface.
The bonded device according to the invention may also include a first material having a first etched and activated bonding surface terminated with a first desired bonding species, and a second material having a second etched and activated bonding surface terminated with a second desired bonding species bonded to the first bonding surface at room temperature.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof are readily obtained as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3A-3E, a first embodiment of the method according to the invention will be described. Wafer 30, preferably a processed semiconductor device wafer and more preferably a processed silicon device wafer, contains a device layer 31 with processed devices. Device layer 31 may contain a number of layers and include surface regions of wafer 30. The surface topography of layer 31 is typically nonplanar. Layer 31 may also represent a processed integrated circuit containing any number of layers such as active devices, interconnection, insulation, etc.
The integrated circuit may be fully processed, or partially processed where the remaining processing is performed after the bonding process. The processing after the bonding may include full or partial substrate removal or via formation between the bonded wafers for interconnection.
On layer 31 a bonding layer 32 is formed (step 1,
The surface 33 of layer 32 is planarized and smoothed, as shown in step 2 of
The bonding surface may also be etched prior to polishing to improve the planarity and/or surface roughness. The etching can be effective to remove high spots on the bonding surface by selective etching of the high spots using, for example, standard photolithographic techniques. For example, a layer of silicon nitride can be embedded within a silicon dioxide bonding layer 32 that can serve as an etch stop when using a solution containing HF. The etch stop material may be used to improve uniformity, reproducibility, and manufacturability.
The plasma process may be conducted in different modes. Both reactive ion etch (RIE) and plasma modes may be used, as well as an inductively-coupled plasma mode (ICP). Sputtering may also be used. Data and examples are given below in both the RIE and plasma modes.
The VSE process etches the surface very slightly via physical sputtering and/or chemical reaction and preferably is controlled to not degrade the surface roughness of the bonding surfaces. The surface roughness may even be improved depending upon the VSE and materials etched. Almost any gas or gas mixture that will not etch surface 34 excessively can be used for the room temperature bonding method according to the invention.
The VSE serves to clean the surface and break bonds of the oxide on the wafer surface. The VSE process can thus enhance the surface activation significantly. A desired bonding species can be used to terminated on surface 34 during the VSE by proper design of the VSE. Alternatively, a post-VSE treatment that activates and terminates the surface with a desired terminating species during the post-VSE process may be used.
The desired species further preferably forms a temporary bond to the surface 34 atomic layer, effectively terminating the atomic layer, until a subsequent time that this surface can be brought together with a surface terminated by the same or another bonding species 36 as shown in
The post-VSE process preferably consists of immersion in a solution containing a selected chemical to generate surface reactions that result in terminating the bonding surface 34 with desired species. The immersion is preferably performed immediately after the VSE process. The post-VSE process may be performed in the same apparatus in which the VSE process is conducted. This is done most readily if both VSE and post-VSE processes are either dry, i.e, plasma, RIE, ICP, sputtering, etc, or wet, i.e., solution immersion. A desired species preferably consists of a monolayer or a few monolayers of atoms or molecules.
The post-VSE process may also consist of a plasma, RIE, or other dry process whereby appropriate gas chemistries are introduced to result in termination of the surface with the desired species. The post-VSE process may also be a second VSE process. The termination process may also include a cleaning process where surface contaminants are removed without VSE. In this case, a post-cleaning process similar to the post-VSE processes described above then results in a desired surface termination.
The post-VSE or post-cleaning process may or may not be needed to terminate surfaces with desired species if the activated surface bonds by the cleaning or VSE process are subsequently sufficiently weakly surface reconstructed and can remain sufficiently clean before bonding such that subsequent bonding with a similar surface can form a chemical bond.
The wafers are optionally rinsed then dried. Two wafers are bonded by aligning them (if necessary) and bringing them together to form a bonding interface. As shown in
A spontaneous bond then typically occurs at some location in the bonding interface and propagates across the wafer. As the initial bond begins to propagate, a chemical reaction such as polymerization that results in chemical bonds takes place between species used to terminate surfaces 34 and 36 when the surfaces are in sufficient proximity. The bonding energy is defined as the specific surface energy of one of the separated surfaces at the bonding interface that is partially debonded by inserting a wedge. The by-products of the reaction then diffuse away from the bonding interface to the wafer edge or are absorbed by the wafers, typically in the surrounding materials. The by-products may also be converted to other by-products that diffuse away or are absorbed by the wafers. The amount of covalent and/or ionic bonding may be increased by removal of converted species resulting in further increase in bond strength.
The bonding immediately after the RIE process may use a special bonding fixture allowing immediate in situ bonding of the etched wafers. A diagram of the fixture is shown in
After the plasma treatment to conduct the VSE process, the mechanical spacers 72 are retracted by the mechanical actuator and the wafers 70 are moved into contact with to begin the bonding process. The bonded wafers are then moved from the chamber into ambient or into another vacuum chamber (not shown) and stored for a desired period to allow the bonding to propagate by a wafer handling system (not shown).
The materials of the bonding layers preferably have an open structure so that the by-products of the polymerization reaction can be easily removed. The bonding species on the opposing bonding surfaces must be able to react at room temperature to form a strong or chemical bond. The bond energy is sufficiently high to virtually eliminate slippage between wafers after subsequent heat treatments associated with a subsequent processing or operation when wafers have different thermal expansion coefficients. Lack of slippage is manifest by a lack of wafer bowing upon inspection after the subsequent processing or operation.
In order to achieve the high bonding energies, it is preferable for at least one of the wafers to be as thin as possible because a thin wafer allows compliance to accommodate a lack of perfect surface planarization and smoothness. Thinning to thickness of about 10 mils to 10 microns is effective.
The bonded wafers are preferably stored at ambient or at low or room temperature after bonding to allow removal of species or converted species for a specified period of time depending upon the materials and species used. Twenty four hours is usually preferable. The storage time is dependent upon the type of plasma process used. Chemical bonds may be obtained more quickly, in a matter of minutes, when certain plasma processes such as an Ar plasma are used. For example, 585 mJ/m2 bonds were obtained in immediately after bonding and over 800 mJ/m2 were observed after 8 hours for deposited oxides etched by an Ar plasma followed by NH4OH dip.
Annealing the bonded wafers during bonding may increase the bonding strength. The annealing temperature should be below 200 C and may be typically in the range of 75-100 C. Storing the bonded wafers under vacuum may facilitate the removal of residual gasses from the bonding surfaces, but is not always necessary.
All of the processes above may be carried out at or near room temperature. The wafers are bonded with sufficient strength to allow subsequent processing operations (lapping, polishing, substrate removal, chemical etching, lithography, masking, etc.). Bonding energies of approximately 500-2000 mJ/m2 or more can be achieved (see
At this point (
In an example, shown in
2Si—OH+2NH4OH 2Si—NH2+4HOH (1)
Alternatively, many Si—F groups are terminating on the PECVD SiO2 surface after an NH4F or HF immersion.
The hydrogen bonded Si—NH2:Si—OH groups or Si—NH2:Si—NH2 groups across the bonding surfaces can polymerize at room temperature in forming Si—O—Si or Si—N—N—Si (or Si—N—Si) covalent bonds:
Si—NH2+Si—OH Si—O—Si+NH3 (2)
Si—NH2+Si—NH2 Si—N—N—Si+2H2 (3)
Alternatively, the HF or NH4F dipped oxide surfaces are terminated by Si—F groups in addition to Si—OH groups. Since HF or NH4F solution etches silicon oxide strongly, their concentrations must be controlled to an adequately low level, and the immersion time must be sufficiently short. This is an example of a post-VSE process being a second VSE process. The covalent bonds across the bonding interface are formed due to the polymerization reaction between hydrogen bonded Si—HF or Si—OH groups:
Si—HF+Si—HF Si—F—F—Si+H2 (4)
Si—F+Si—OH Si—O—Si+HF (5)
Since reaction (2) is reversible only at relatively high temperatures of ˜500 C, the formed siloxane bonds should not be attacked by NH3 at lower temperatures. It is known that H2 molecules are small and diffuse about 50 times quicker than water molecules in oxide. The existence of a damaged layer near the surface of an adequate thickness i.e. a few nm, will facilitate the diffusion or dissolution of NH3, and HF and hydrogen in reactions (2), (3), (4) and/or (5) in this layer and enhancement of the chemical bond. The three reactions result in a higher bonding energy of SiO2/SiO2 bonded pairs at room temperature after a period of storage time to allow NH3 or H2 to diffuse away.
In the example of
Many different surfaces of materials may be smoothed and/or planarized, followed by a cleaning process, to prepare for bonding according to the invention. These materials can be room temperature bonded by mating surfaces with sufficient planarity, surface smoothness, and passivation that includes cleaning, and/or VSE, activation and termination. Amorphous and sintered materials, non-planar integrated circuits, and silicon wafers are examples of such materials. Single crystalline semiconductor or insulating surfaces, such as SiO2 or Si surfaces, can also be provided with the desired surface roughness, planarity and cleanliness. Keeping the surfaces in high or ultra-high vacuum simplifies obtaining surfaces sufficiently free of contamination and atomic reconstruction to achieve the strong bonding according to the invention. Other semiconductor or insulator materials such as InP, GaAs, SiC, sapphire, etc., may also be used. Also, since PECVD SiO2 may be deposited on many types of materials at low temperatures, many different combinations of materials may be bonded according to the invention at room temperature. Other materials may also be deposited as long as appropriate processes and chemical reactions are available for the VSE, surface activation, and termination.
For example, the method may also be used with silicon nitride as the bonding material. Silicon nitride may be bonded to silicon nitride, or to silicon dioxide and silicon. Silicon oxide may also be bonded to silicon. Other types of dielectric materials may be bonded together including aluminum nitride and diamond-like carbon.
The method may be applied to planar wafers having no devices or circuits and one wafer with devices and circuits. The planar wafer may be coated with a bonding layer, such as PECVD oxide or amorphous silicon, and then processed as described above to bond the two wafers. The planar wafer may not need to be coated with a bonding layer if it has sufficient smoothness and planarity and the proper bonding material.
As can be appreciated, the bonding process may be repeated with any number of wafers, materials or functional elements. For example, two device or IC wafers may be joined, followed by removing one of the exposed substrates to transfer a layer or more of devices, or just the active regions of an IC.
The bonding according to the invention may be applied to joining different types of materials. For example, a silicon wafer can be bonded to another silicon wafer, or bond to an oxidized silicon wafer. The bare silicon wafer and the oxide covered wafer are immersed in HF, NH4F and/or NH4OH and bonded after drying. The time for the immersion should be less than about twenty minutes for the silicon wafer covered with the thin oxide since the NH4OH solution etches silicon oxide. Since HF and NH4F etches oxides strongly, very diluted solutions, preferably in 0.01-0.2% range should be used for dipping of the silicon wafers.
After drying the silicon wafer and the oxide-covered wafer are bonded in ambient at room temperature. Reactions (2), (3), (4) and/or (5) take place at the bonding interface between the two wafers. The plasma-treated wafers may also be immersed in deionized water instead of the NH4OH solution.
The silicon bonding may be conducted with a bare silicon wafer, i.e. having a native oxide or a silicon wafer having an oxide layer formed on its surface as described above. During the oxygen plasma treatment, the native oxide which if formed on the bare silicon wafer is sputter etched, and the oxide layer formed on the silicon surface is etched. The final surface is an activated (native or formed) oxide. When rinsed in deionized water, the activated oxide surface is mainly terminated with Si—OH groups. Since oxide growth in oxygen plasma has been found to have less water than in normal native oxide layers, the water from the original bonding bridge and generated by the following polymerization reaction (6) can be absorbed into the plasma oxide readily.
Si—OH+Si—OH Si—O—Si+H2O (6)
In addition to removal of the water from the bonding interface by dissolving into the plasma activated oxide of the oxidized silicon wafer, the water can also diffuse through the thin oxide layer on the bare silicon wafer to react with silicon. As the silicon surface underneath the oxide has a damaged or defective zone, extending for a few monolayers, the water molecules that diffuse through the oxide layer and reach the damaged or defective zone can be converted to hydrogen at room temperature and be removed readily:
Si+2H2O SiO2+2H2 (7)
The reverse reaction of (6) is thus avoided and the room temperature bonding energy increases enormously due to the formation of covalent Si—O—Si bonds.
If a relatively thick (˜5 nm) oxide layer is formed, it will take a long period of time for the water molecules to diffuse through this thick layer. On the other hand, if after the plasma treatment a thin oxide layer is left or a too narrow defective zone is formed, water that can reach the silicon surface may not react sufficiently with the silicon and convert to hydrogen. In both cases the bonding energy enhancement will be limited. The preferred oxygen plasma treatment thus leaves a minimum plasma oxide thickness (e.g., about 0.1-1.0 nm) and a reasonably thick defective zone (e.g., about 0.1-0.3 nm) on the silicon surface.
In a second embodiment, the VSE process uses wet chemicals. For example, an InP wafer having a deposited silicon oxide layer, as in the first embodiment, and a device layer are bonded to a AlN substrate having a deposited oxide layer. After smoothing and planarizing the InP wafer bonding surface and the AlN wafer bonding surface, both wafers are cleaned in an standard RCA cleaning solution. The wafers are very slightly etched using a dilute HF aqueous solution with an HF concentration preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.2%. About a few tenths of a nm is removed and the surface smoothness is not degraded as determined by AFM (atomic force microscope) measurements. Without deionized water rinse, the wafers are spin dried and bonded in ambient air at room temperature. The resulting bonding energy has been measured to reach ˜700 mJ/m2 after storage in air. After annealing this bonded pair at 75° C. the bonding energy of 1500 mJ/m2 was obtained. The bonding energy has been measured to reach silicon bulk fracture energy (about 2500 mJ/m2) after annealing at 100° C. If the wafers are rinsed with deionized water after the HF dip, the bonding energy at 100° C. is reduced to 200 mJ/m2, that is about one tenth of that obtained without the rinse. This illustrates the preference of F to OH as a terminating species.
In a third embodiment the VSE process consists of 0.1% HF etching followed by 5 min dip in 0.02% HN4F solution of thermally oxidized silicon wafers at room temperature after a standard cleaning process. Without rinsing in deionized water, the wafers are bonded after spin drying at room temperature. The bonding energy of the bonded pairs reaches ˜1700 mJ/m2 after 100° C. annealing. If the wafers are rinsed in de-ionized water after the HF etching before bonding, the bonding energy of bonded pairs is only 400 mJ/m2, again illustrating the preference of F to OH as a terminating species. Dilute NH4F is used in the VSE process to etch silicon oxide covered wafers in a fourth embodiment. The concentration of the NH4F should be below 0.02% to obtain the desired bonding. The bonding energy of ˜600 mJ/m2 can be achieved at room temperature after storage.
A fifth embodiment of the invention is used to bond Si surfaces having a native oxide of about 1 nm in thickness. In the fifth embodiment, after cleaning the Si surface by a standard RCA1 cleaning process, a VSE process using 5 min etching in 70% HNO3+diluted HF (preferably 0.01 to 0.02%) is performed. Wafers are pulled out of the solution vertically with a basically hydrophobic surface. Without rinsing in water, the wafers were bonded at room temperature in air. In this process covalent bonding occurs at room temperature with measured bonding energies typically about 600 mJ/m2. This bonding energy is significantly increased to 1300 mJ/m2 after annealing at 75° C. and reaches the fracture energy of bulk silicon (about 2500 mJ/m2) at a temperature of 100° C.
Instead of 70% HNO3, diluted HNO3 with water can be used in the solution to achieve similar results. According to AMF measurements and high resolution transmission electron microscopy measurement results, the silicon is etched in the dilute HNO3 VSE process at a rate of 0.1-0.15 nm/min and a new thick oxide 2.5-3.5 nm in thickness is formed.
As further embodiments, the VSE process may consist of a dry etch that has chemical and/or physical components. For a bare Si surface, chemical etching may result from SF4/H2 gas mixture while physical etching may result from Ar etch. For a silicon oxide surface, chemical etching may use CF4 while physical etching may use oxygen or argon gas. It is also possible to use a thermally stable polymer material for the bonding materials and bond two polymer surfaces together. Examples are polyimides or spin-on materials.
The mechanisms governing the increased bond energy at low or room temperature are similar. A very slight etching (VSE) of the bonding wafers by plasma to clean and activate the surfaces, and improve removal of by-products of interface polymerization to prevent the undesirable reverse reaction and rinse in appropriate solution to terminate the surface with desired species to facilitate room temperature covalent bonding. The oxide covered wafer bonding case is similar except that a different surface termination is preferred. In bare silicon wafer bonding, the highly reactive surface layers of oxide and silicon to allow water adsorption and conversion to hydrogen should be formed. The highly reactive layers can be a plasma thin oxide layer and a damaged silicon surface layer. The oxide on the silicon wafer will also have some damage. Not only O2 plasma but also plasma of other gases (such as Ar, CF4) are adequate. Because during and after VSE the silicon surface is readily to react with moisture to form an oxide layer, and the underlying damaged silicon layer is created by VSE. Since the VSE and by-products removal methods are rather general in nature, this approach can be implemented by many means and apply to many materials.
In a first example, three inch <100>, 1-10 ohm-cm, boron doped silicon wafers were used. PECVD oxide was deposited on some of the silicon wafers. For comparison, thermal oxidized silicon wafers were also studied. The PECVD oxide thickness was 0.5 μm and 0.3 μm on the front side and the back side of the wafers, respectively. Oxide is deposited on both sides of the wafer to minimize wafer bow during polishing and improve planarization. A soft polish was performed to remove about 30 nm of the oxide and to smooth the front oxide surface originally having a root mean square of the micro-roughness (RMS) of ˜0.56 nm to a final ˜0.18 nm. A modified RCA1 solution was used to clean the wafer surfaces followed by spin-drying.
Two wafers were loaded into the plasma system, both wafers are placed on the RF electrode and treated in plasma in RIE mode. For comparison, some wafers were treated in plasma mode in which the wafers were put on the grounded electrode. An oxygen plasma was used with a nominal flow rate of 16 scc/m. The RF power was 20-400 W (typically 80 W) at 13.56 MHz and the vacuum level was 100 mTorr. The oxide covered wafers were treated in plasma for times between 15 seconds to 5 minutes. The plasma treated silicon wafers were then dipped in an appropriate solution or rinse with de-ionized water followed by spin-drying and room temperature bonding in air. Some of the plasma treated wafers were also directly bonded in air without rinse or dipping.
The bonding energy was measured by inserting a wedge into the interface to measure the crack length according to the equation:
E and tw are the Young's modulus and thickness for wafers one and two and tb is the thickness of a wedge inserted between the two wafers that results in a wafer separation of length L from the edge of the wafers.
The room temperature bonding energy as a function of storage time of bonded plasma treated oxide covered silicon wafers is shown in
Comparing different bonding materials, the bonding energy as a function of storage time of O2 plasma treated thermally oxidized silicon wafer pairs is similar to wafers with PECVD oxide, although the values of the room temperature bonding energy are somewhat lower.
After ˜24 h storage in air at room temperature, the bonding energy as high as ˜1000 mJ/m2 was reached in the RIE mode plasma treated and NH4OH dipped PECVD oxide covered wafer pairs. Since the maximum bonding energy of a van der Waals bonded silicon oxide covered wafer pairs is about 200 mJ/m2, a large portion of the bonding energy is attributed to the formation of covalent bonds at the bonding interface at room temperature according to the above equation.
The above process was applied to bond processed InP wafers (600 μm thick) to AlN wafers (380 μm thick), or to bond processed Si (380 μm thick) and InP (600 μm thick) wafers, as second and third examples. The processed InP device wafers are covered with PECVD oxide and planarized and smoothed by chemical-mechanical polishing CMP. A PECVD oxide layer is also deposited on the AlN wafers and is planarized and smoothed to improve the RMS surface roughness. The processed Si and processed InP wafers are deposited with PECVD oxide and planarized and smoothed using CMP. After VSE similar to the example 1 bonding at room temperature, the bonded wafers are left in ambient air at room temperature.
After 24 hours storage at room temperature, bonding energy of 1000 mJ/m2 and 1100 mJ/m2 were achieved for the InP/Si and InP/AlN bonded pairs, respectively. For processed Si (380 μm thick)/oxide covered AlN (280 μm thick) wafer pairs, the bonding energy at room temperature as high as 2500 mJ/m2 has been achieved. These room temperature bonded plasma treated wafer pairs have sufficient bonding strength to sustain subsequent substrate lapping and etching and other typical semiconductor fabrication processes before or after substrate removal.
The InP substrate in the room temperature bonded InP/AlN pairs was lapped with 1900# Al2O3 powder from initial 600 μm thick to ˜50 μm thick followed by etching in an HCl/H3PO4 solution to leave about a 2.0 μm thick InP device layer on the AlN or Si wafer. The water and etching solution did not penetrate into the bonding interface.
Surfaces are sputter etched by energetic particles such as radicals, ions, photons and electrons in the plasma or RIE mode. For example, the O2 plasma under conditions that bring about the desired VSE is sputter-etching about 2 Å/min of PECVD oxide as measured by a reflectance spectrometry. For thermal oxide the sputter etching rate is about 0.5 Å/min. The thickness of oxide before and after plasma treatment was measured by a reflectance spectrometry and averaged from 98 measured points on each wafer. The etching by O2 plasma has not only cleaned the surface by oxidation and sputtering but also broken bonds of the oxide on the wafer surfaces.
However, the surface roughness of plasma treated oxide surfaces must not be degraded by the etching process. AFM measurements show that compared with the initial surface roughness, the RMS of the O2 plasma treated oxide wafers was ˜2 Å and did not change noticeably. On the other hand, if the etching is not sufficiently strong, the bonding energy enhancement effect is also small. Keeping other conditions unchanged when the O2 plasma treatment was performed with plasma mode rather than RIE mode, the etching of oxide surfaces is negligible and the oxide thickness does not change. The final room temperature bonding energy is only 385 mJ/m2 compared to 1000 mJ/m2 of RIE treated wafers (see
Other gas plasma has shown a similar effect. CF4/O2 RIE was used to remove ˜4 nm of PECVD oxide from the wafer surfaces prior to bonding. The bonding energy of room temperature bonded PECVD oxide covered silicon wafers was also enhanced significantly in this manner and exceeds 1000 mJ/m2 after sufficient storage time (see also
An argon plasma has also been used for the VSE with a nominal flow rate of 16 scc/m. The RF power was typically 60 W at 13.56 MHz and the vacuum level was 100 mTorr. The oxide covered silicon wafers were treated in plasma in RIE mode for times between 30 seconds to 2 minutes. The plasma treated silicon wafers were then dipped in an NH4OH solution followed by spin-drying and room temperature bonding in air. The bonding energy reached ˜800 mJ/m2 at room temperature after only 8 h storage in air.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 from U.S. Ser. No. 10/913,441, filed Aug. 9, 2004 which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Ser. No. 09/505,283, filed Feb. 16, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 6,902,987, issued Jun. 7, 2005 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5503704 | Bower et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 6180496 | Farrens et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6316332 | Lo et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080053959 A1 | Mar 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10913441 | Aug 2004 | US |
| Child | 11980664 | US | |
| Parent | 09505283 | Feb 2000 | US |
| Child | 10913441 | US |
