Method for forming interconnect structure

Abstract

An apparatus includes a plurality of interconnect structures over a substrate, a dielectric layer formed over a top metal line of the plurality of interconnect structures, a first barrier layer on a bottom and sidewalls of an opening in the dielectric layer, wherein the first barrier layer is formed of a first material and has a first thickness, a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein the second barrier layer is formed of a second material different from the first material and has a second thickness and a pad over the second barrier layer, wherein the pad is formed of a third material.

Description

BACKGROUND

The semiconductor industry has experienced rapid growth due to continuous improvements in the integration density of a variety of electronic components (e.g., transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.). For the most part, this improvement in integration density has come from repeated reductions in minimum feature size, which allows more components to be integrated into a given area. As semiconductor technologies evolve, wafer-level chip scale package structures have emerged as an effective alternative to further reduce the physical size of semiconductor devices.

In a wafer-level chip scale package structure, active devices such as transistors and the like are formed at the top surface of a substrate of the wafer-level chip scale package structure. A variety of metallization layers comprising interconnect structures are formed over the substrate. A metal pad is formed over the top metallization layer and electrically coupled to the interconnect structures. A passivation layer and a first polymer layer may be formed over the metal pad. The metal pad is exposed through the openings in the passivation layer and the first polymer layer.

Interconnection structures of a semiconductor device may comprise a plurality of lateral interconnections such as metal lines and a plurality of vertical interconnections such as vias. Various active circuits of the semiconductor may be coupled to external circuits through a variety of conductive channels formed by the vertical and lateral interconnections.

Interconnection structures of a semiconductor device can be fabricated using suitable semiconductor fabrication techniques such as etching, Damascene and the like. Damascene processes can be divided into categories, namely single damascene processes and dual damascene processes. In single damascene technology, a metal via and its adjacent metal line may have different process steps. As a result, each may require a chemical mechanical planarization process to clean the surface. In contrast, in dual damascene technology, a metal via and its adjacent metal line may be formed within a single damascene trench. As a result, one chemical mechanical planarization process is required in a dual damascene process to form the metal via and its adjacent metal line.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a semiconductor device after various electrical circuits have been formed in the substrate in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 after a plurality of metal lines are formed over the substrate in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 2 after a passivation layer is formed on the top of the inter-metal dielectric layer in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 3 after a patterning process is applied to the passivation layer in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 4 after a first barrier layer is formed over the top surface of the semiconductor device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 5 after a second barrier layer is formed over the top surface of the semiconductor device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 6 after a pad layer is formed on top of the second barrier layer in accordance with in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 7 after an etching process is applied to the pad layer in accordance with in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 9 is a process flow of the fabrication steps shown in FIGS. 1-8.

Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the various embodiments and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.

The present invention will be described with respect to preferred embodiments in a specific context, a method for forming interconnect structures for a semiconductor device including a transistor. The invention may also be applied, however, to a variety of semiconductor devices. Hereinafter, various embodiments will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a semiconductor device after various electrical circuits have been formed in the substrate in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The semiconductor device 100 includes a transistor device 200, which is formed in a substrate 102. As shown in FIG. 1, there may be two isolation regions 104 formed on opposite sides of the transistor device 200.

The transistor device 200 includes a first drain/source region 106 and a second drain/source region 108. The first drain/source region 106 and the second drain/source region 108 are formed on opposite sides of a gate structure of the transistor device 200. The gate structure is formed in a dielectric layer 112 and over the substrate 102. The gate structure may comprise a gate dielectric layer 113, a gate electrode 114 and spacers 116.

The substrate 102 may be formed of silicon, although it may also be formed of other group III, group IV, and/or group V elements, such as silicon, germanium, gallium, arsenic, and combinations thereof. The substrate 102 may also be in the form of silicon-on-insulator (SOI). The SOI substrate may comprise a layer of a semiconductor material (e.g., silicon, germanium and/or the like) formed over an insulator layer (e.g., buried oxide or the like), which is formed in a silicon substrate. In addition, other substrates that may be used include multi-layered substrates, gradient substrates, hybrid orientation substrates and/or the like.

The substrate 102 may further comprise a variety of electrical circuits (not shown). The electrical circuits formed on the substrate 102 may be any type of circuitry suitable for a particular application. In accordance with an embodiment, the electrical circuits may include various n-type metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) and/or p-type metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS) devices such as transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, photo-diodes, fuses and/or the like. The electrical circuits may be interconnected to perform one or more functions. The functions may include memory structures, processing structures, sensors, amplifiers, power distribution, input/output circuitry and/or the like. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the above examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the various embodiments to any particular applications.

The substrate 102 may comprise a variety of electrical circuits such as metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors (e.g., transistor device 200) and the associated contact plugs (e.g., contact plug 118). For simplicity, only a single MOS transistor and a single contact plug are presented to illustrate the innovative aspects of various embodiments.

The isolation regions 104 may be shallow trench isolation (STI) regions. The STI regions may be formed by etching the substrate 102 to form a trench and filling the trench with a dielectric material as is known in the art. For example, the isolation regions 104 may be filled with a dielectric material such as an oxide material, a high-density plasma (HDP) oxide and/or the like. A planarization process such as a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process may be applied to the top surface so that the excess dielectric material may be removed as a result.

The gate dielectric layer 113 may be a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, an oxide, a nitrogen-containing oxide, a combination thereof and/or the like. The gate dielectric layer 113 may have a relative permittivity value greater than about 4. Other examples of such materials include aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, any combinations thereof and/or the like. In an embodiment in which the gate dielectric layer 113 comprises an oxide layer, the gate dielectric layer 113 may be formed by suitable deposition processes such as a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and oxygen as a precursor. In accordance with an embodiment, the gate dielectric layer 113 may be of a thickness in a range from about 8 Å to about 200 Å.

The gate electrode 114 may comprise a conductive material, such as a metal (e.g., tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, platinum, aluminum, hafnium, ruthenium), a metal silicide (e.g., titanium silicide, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide, tantalum silicide), a metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride, tantalum nitride), doped poly-crystalline silicon, other conductive materials, combinations thereof and/or the like. In an embodiment in which the gate electrode 114 is formed of poly-silicon, the gate electrode 114 may be formed by depositing doped or undoped poly-silicon by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) to a thickness in the range of about 400 Å to about 2,400 Å.

The spacers 116 may be formed by blanket depositing one or more spacer layers (not shown) over the gate electrode 114 and the substrate 102. The spacers 116 may comprise suitable dielectric materials such as SiN, oxynitride, SiC, SiON, oxide and/or the like. The spacers 116 may be formed by commonly used techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), PECVD, sputter and/or the like.

The first and second drain/source regions 106 and 108 may be formed in the substrate 102 on opposing sides of the gate dielectric layer 113. In an embodiment in which the substrate 102 is an n-type substrate, the drain/source regions 106 and 108 may be formed by implanting appropriate p-type dopants such as boron, gallium, indium and/or the like. Alternatively, in an embodiment in which the substrate 102 is a p-type substrate, the drain/source regions 106 and 108 may be formed by implanting appropriate n-type dopants such as phosphorous, arsenic and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 1, the dielectric layer 112 is formed over the substrate 102. There may be a contact plug 118 formed in the dielectric layer 112. The contact plug 118 is formed over the gate electrode 114 to provide an electrical connection between the transistor device 200 and the interconnect structure (not shown but illustrated in FIG. 2) formed over the dielectric layer 112.

The contact plug 118 may be formed by using photolithography techniques to deposit and pattern a photoresist material (not shown) on the dielectric layer 112. A portion of the photoresist is exposed according to the location and shape of the contact plug 118. An etching process, such as an anisotropic dry etch process, may be used to create an opening in the dielectric layer 112.

A conductive material is then filled in the opening. The conductive material may be deposited by using CVD, plasma vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and/or the like. The conductive material is deposited in the contact plug opening. Excess portions of the conductive material are removed from the top surface of the dielectric layer 112 by using a planarization process such as CMP. The conductive material may be copper, tungsten, aluminum, silver, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum and any combinations thereof and/or the like.

The dielectric layer 112 is formed on top of the substrate 102. The dielectric layer 112 may be formed, for example, of a low-K dielectric material, such as silicon oxide. The dielectric layer 112 may be formed by any suitable method known in the art, such as spinning, CVD and PECVD. It should also be noted that one skilled in the art will recognize while FIG. 1 illustrates a single dielectric layer, the dielectric layer 112 may comprise a plurality of dielectric layers.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 after a plurality of metal lines are formed over the substrate in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. A first inter-metal dielectric layer 201 is formed over the dielectric layer 112. As shown in FIG. 2, there may be one metal line 203 formed in the first inter-metal dielectric layer 201. As shown in FIG. 2, two additional metallization layers are formed over the first metallization layer. While FIG. 2 shows two metallization layers formed over the first metallization layer, one skilled in the art will recognize that more inter-metal dielectric layers (not shown) and the associated metal lines and plugs (not shown) may be formed between the metallization layers (e.g., layers 206 and 216) shown in FIG. 2. In particular, the layers between the metallization layers shown in FIG. 2 may be formed by alternating layers of dielectric (e.g., extremely low-k dielectric material) and conductive materials (e.g., copper).

It should further be noted that the metallization layers shown in FIG. 2 may be formed by a dual damascene process, although other suitable techniques such as deposition, single damascene may alternatively be used. The dual damascene process is well known in the art, and hence is not discussed herein.

The second metal line 202 and the plug 204 are formed by a dual damascene process. The second metal line 202 is embedded in a second inter-metal dielectric layer 206, which is similar to the first inter-metal dielectric layer 201. The plug 204 is formed in the first inter-metal dielectric layer 201. More particularly, the second metal line 202 and the metal line 203 are coupled to each other through the plug 204.

The second metal line 202 and the plug 204 may be formed of metal materials such as copper, copper alloys, aluminum, silver, gold, any combinations thereof and/or the like. The third metal line 212 and the plug 214 are similar to the second metal line 202 and the plug 204, and hence are not discussed to avoid repetition.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 2 after a passivation layer is formed on the top of the inter-metal dielectric layer in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The passivation layer 302 is formed of non-organic materials such as un-doped silicate glass, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, boron-doped silicon oxide, phosphorus-doped silicon oxide and/or the like. Alternatively, the passivation layer 302 may be formed of low-k dielectric such as carbon doped oxide and/or the like. In addition, extremely low-k (ELK) dielectrics such as porous carbon doped silicon dioxide can be employed to form the passivation layer 154. The passivation layer 302 may be formed through any suitable techniques such as CVD.

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 3 after a patterning process is applied to the passivation layer in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The patterning process may be implemented by using suitable patterning techniques such as an etching process, a laser ablation process and/or the like. In accordance with the shape and location of the pad (not shown but illustrated in FIG. 8) of the semiconductor device 100, an etching process such as an anisotropic dry etch process or a laser beam (not shown) may be applied to the top surface of the passivation layer 302. As a result, a portion of the passivation layer 302 is removed to form an opening 402 as shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 4 after a first barrier layer is formed over the top surface of the semiconductor device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The first barrier layer 502 may be formed of suitable materials such as tantalum nitride (TaN) and the like. The first barrier layer 502 is deposited on the bottom, sidewalls of the opening 402 as well as the top surface of the passivation layer 302 through an ALD process.

The first barrier layer 502 may be of a thickness of about 10 angstroms in accordance with some embodiments. In addition, the first barrier layer 502 may be coupled to the ground plane of the semiconductor device 100. The ground-connected barrier layer such as the first barrier layer 502 helps to release the charge in the subsequent PVD process. The PVD process will be described below with respect to FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 5 after a second barrier layer is formed over the top surface of the semiconductor device in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The second barrier layer 602 is formed over the first barrier layer 502. The second barrier layer 602 may be of the same material as the first barrier layer 502. Alternatively, the second barrier layer 602 may be formed of other suitable materials such as titanium, tantalum and combinations thereof and/or the like. The second barrier layer 602 may be of a thickness of about 600 angstroms in accordance with some embodiments. Both the first barrier layer 502 and the second barrier layer 602 may function as a barrier to prevent copper (e.g., metal line 212) from diffusing into the surrounding areas. The second barrier layer 602 may be deposited on the first barrier layer 502 using a plasma based deposition process such as PVD.

One advantageous feature of having the first barrier layer 502 is that the first barrier layer 502 is deposited over the semiconductor device through a non plasma based deposition process such as ALD. The ALD process does not cause a plasma-induced damage (PID) to the gate dielectric layer 113, which is electrically coupled to the metal line 212. Furthermore, during the PVD process for forming the second barrier layer 602, the ground-connected barrier layer 502 helps to release the charge of the PVD process so as to avoid the PID to the gate dielectric layer 113.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 6 after a pad layer is formed on top of the second barrier layer in accordance with in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7, a conductive material may be filled in the opening (e.g., opening 402 shown in FIG. 6) to form the pad layer 702. The conductive material may be aluminum copper, but can be any suitable conductive materials, such as copper alloys, aluminum, tungsten, silver, any combinations thereof and/or the like. The pad layer 702 may be formed by suitable techniques such as CVD, PVD, an electro-less plating process, electroplating and/or the like.

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross sectional view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 7 after an etching process is applied to the pad layer in accordance with in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In consideration with the shape and location of the pad of the semiconductor device 100, the pad layer 702 may be patterned and portions of the barrier layers and the pad layer 72 may be removed to form the pad 802. The removal process may be a suitable etching process such as wet-etching, dry-etching and/or the like. The detailed operations of either the dry etching process or the wet etching process are well known in the art, and hence are not discussed herein to avoid repetition.

FIG. 9 is a process flow of the fabrication steps shown in FIGS. 1-8. At step 902, a transistor device is formed in a substrate and a gate structure is formed over the substrate in a dielectric layer. The formation of the gate structure as well as the other parts of the transistor is discussed in detail with respect to FIG. 1. At step 904, a plurality of interconnect structures such as metal lines are formed over the substrate as shown in FIG. 2. At step 906, a dielectric layer is formed over a top metal line of the interconnect structure.

At step 908, an opening is formed in the dielectric layer as shown in FIG. 4. At step 910, as shown in FIG. 5, a first barrier layer is deposited on the bottom as well as the sidewalls of the opening through an ALD process. At step 912, as shown in FIG. 6, a second barrier layer is formed over the first barrier layer through a PVD process. During the PVD process, the first barrier layer is coupled to ground. At step 914, as shown in FIG. 7, a PAD layer is formed through suitable deposition techniques. At step 916, the pad layer is patterned to form a pad as shown in FIG. 8.

In accordance with an embodiment, an apparatus comprises a plurality of interconnect structures over a substrate, a dielectric layer formed over a top metal line of the plurality of interconnect structures, a first barrier layer on a bottom and sidewalls of an opening in the dielectric layer, wherein the first barrier layer is formed of a first material and has a first thickness, a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein the second barrier layer is formed of a second material different from the first material and has a second thickness and a pad over the second barrier layer, wherein the pad is formed of a third material.

In accordance with an embodiment, a device comprises a first drain/source region and a second drain/source region in a substrate and between a first isolation region and a second isolation region, a gate structure in a first dielectric layer and over the substrate, wherein the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are on opposite sides of the gate structure, a contact plug over the gate structure and in the first dielectric layer, a first metal line in contact with the contact plug and in a first inter-metal dielectric layer, a second metal line over the first metal line and in a second inter-metal dielectric layer, wherein the second metal line is electrically coupled to the first metal line through a plurality of vias and metal lines, a second dielectric layer over the second inter-metal dielectric layer, a first barrier layer on a bottom and sidewalls of an opening in the second dielectric layer, a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein a thickness of the second barrier layer is greater than a thickness of the first barrier layer, and the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer are formed of two different materials and a pad over the second barrier layer.

In accordance with an embodiment, a device comprises a first drain/source region and a second drain/source region in a substrate and between a first isolation region and a second isolation region, a gate structure in a first dielectric layer and over the substrate, wherein the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are on opposite sides of the gate structure, a contact plug over the gate structure and in the first dielectric layer, a first metal line in contact with the contact plug and in a first inter-metal dielectric layer, a second metal line over the first metal line and in a second inter-metal dielectric layer, wherein the second metal line is electrically coupled to the first metal line through a plurality of vias and metal lines, a second dielectric layer over the second inter-metal dielectric layer, a first barrier layer on a bottom and sidewalls of an opening in the second dielectric layer, a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein a thickness of the second barrier layer is greater than a thickness of the first barrier layer, and the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer are formed of two different materials and a pad over the second barrier layer.

Although embodiments of the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

Claims

1. A device comprising: an interconnect structure over a substrate, the interconnect structure comprising a plurality of metal lines disposed in a plurality of dielectric layers;a dielectric layer over the interconnect structure;a first barrier layer, wherein a first portion of the first barrier layer extends along an upper surface of the dielectric layer distal from the substrate, wherein a second portion of the first barrier layer extends into the dielectric layer, along sidewalls of the dielectric layer, and along an upper surface of a top metal line of the plurality of metal lines, wherein the first barrier layer comprises a first material;a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein the second barrier layer comprises a second material different from the first material, wherein a second thickness of the second barrier layer is over five times larger than a first thickness of the first barrier layer; anda conductive pad over the second barrier layer, wherein a center of the conductive pad has a third thickness, and a perimeter of the conductive pad has a fourth thickness smaller than the third thickness.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first material and the second material are electrically conductive materials.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer comprises a refractory metal.

4. The device of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer comprises a material that prevents diffusion of copper.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the interconnect structure further comprises a plurality of vias disposed in the plurality of dielectric layers, wherein the top metal line of the plurality of metal lines is over and connected to a top via of the plurality of the vias.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the interconnect structure has a total of four metal layers, and the top metal line is in a fourth metal layer of the interconnect structure.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the conductive pad has a T-shaped cross-section.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the conductive pad has opposing sidewalls that are perpendicular to a major upper surface of the substrate.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the conductive pad has a planar upper surface that extends continuously from a first sidewall of the conductive pad to an opposing second sidewall of the conductive pad, wherein the planar upper surface extends further from the substrate than the upper surface of the dielectric layer.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein the conductive pad overlies a nitride layer, and the nitride layer overlies an oxide layer.

11. The device of claim 1, wherein a recess defined by a profile of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer is filled by the conductive pad.

12. A device comprising: a substrate;an interconnect structure over and electrically coupled to the substrate, the interconnect structure comprising dielectric layers and metal lines in the dielectric layers;a first dielectric layer over and contacting an uppermost dielectric layer of the interconnect structure distal from the substrate;a first barrier layer extending into the first dielectric layer and along sidewalls of the first dielectric layer, the first barrier layer extending along and physically contacting an upper surface of a top metal line of the metal lines, the first barrier layer having a first thickness;a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, the second barrier layer having a second thickness greater than the first thickness; anda conductive pad over the second barrier layer, wherein the conductive pad has a T-shaped cross-section.

13. The device of claim 12, wherein each of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer has a U-shaped cross-section.

14. The device of claim 12, further comprising a copper layer between the second barrier layer and the conductive pad.

15. The device of claim 12, wherein an entire top surface of the conductive pad distal from the substrate extends further from the substrate than an upper surface of the first dielectric layer distal from the substrate.

16. A device comprising: a substrate comprising an electrical component;a first dielectric layer over the substrate;a metal line in the first dielectric layer, wherein the metal line is electrically coupled to the electrical component of the substrate;a second dielectric layer over and contacting the first dielectric layer;a first barrier layer extending into the second dielectric layer and in physical contact with the metal line, wherein the first barrier layer extends along an upper surface of the second dielectric layer and sidewalls of the second dielectric layer;a second barrier layer over the first barrier layer, wherein the second barrier layer and the first barrier layer have different thicknesses; anda pad over the second barrier layer, wherein the pad has a T-shaped cross-section, wherein the pad overlies a nitride layer, and the nitride layer overlies an oxide layer.

17. The device of claim 16, wherein an entire upper surface of the pad distal from the substrate extends further from the substrate than the upper surface of the second dielectric layer.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein sidewalls of the pad are aligned with respective sidewalls of the first barrier layer and respective sidewalls of the second barrier layer.

19. The device of claim 16, wherein each of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer comprises an electrically conductive material, and there is an interface between the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer.

20. The device of claim 16, wherein a combination of the first barrier layer, the second barrier layer and the pad has another T-shaped cross-section.