Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means

GPHYSICS G01Measuring instruments G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means

G01N21/01Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation G01N21/03Cuvette constructions G01N21/0303Optical path conditioning in cuvettes G01N21/031Multipass arrangements G01N21/0317High pressure cuvettes G01N21/0332with temperature control G01N21/05Flow-through cuvettes G01N21/07Centrifugal type cuvettes G01N21/09adapted to resist hostile environments or corrosive or abrasive materials G01N21/11Filling or emptying of cuvettes G01N21/13Moving of cuvettes or solid samples to or from the investigating station G01N21/15Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path G01N21/17Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated G01N21/1702with opto-acoustic detection G01N21/171with calorimetric detection G01N21/1717with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation G01N21/19Dichroism G01N21/21Polarisation-affecting properties G01N21/211Ellipsometry G01N21/23Bi-refringence G01N21/25Colour Spectral properties G01N21/251Colorimeters; Construction thereof G01N21/253for batch operation G01N21/255Details G01N21/256Arrangements using two alternating lights and one detector G01N21/27using photo-electric detection circuits for computing concentration G01N21/272for following a reaction G01N21/274Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction G01N21/276with alternation of sample and standard in optical path G01N21/278Constitution of standards G01N21/29using visual detection G01N21/293with colour charts, graduated scales or turrets G01N21/31Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules G01N21/3103Atomic absorption analysis G01N21/314with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths G01N21/3151using two sources of radiation of different wavelengths G01N21/33using ultra-violet light G01N21/35using infra-red light G01N21/3504for analysing gases G01N21/3518Devices using gas filter correlation techniques Devices using gas pressure modulation techniques G01N21/3554for determining moisture content G01N21/3559in sheets G01N21/3563for analysing solids Preparation of samples therefor G01N21/3577for analysing liquids G01N21/3581using far infra-red light using Terahertz radiation G01N21/3586by Terahertz time domain spectroscopy [THz-TDS] G01N21/359using near infra-red light G01N21/37using pneumatic detection G01N21/39using tunable lasers G01N21/41Refractivity Phase-affecting properties G01N21/412Index profiling of optical fibres G01N21/4133Refractometers G01N21/43by measuring critical angle G01N21/431Dip refractometers G01N21/45using interferometric methods using Schlieren methods G01N21/453Holographic interferometry G01N21/455Schlieren methods G01N21/47Scattering G01N21/4738Diffuse reflection G01N21/474Details of optical heads therefor G01N21/4785Standardising light scatter apparatus; Standards therefor G01N21/4788Diffraction G01N21/4795spatially resolved investigating of object in scattering medium G01N21/49within a body or fluid G01N21/51inside a container G01N21/53within a flowing fluid G01N21/532with measurement of scattering and transmission G01N21/534by measuring transmission alone G01N21/538for determining atmospheric attenuation and visibility G01N21/55Specular reflectivity G01N21/552Attenuated total reflection G01N21/553and using surface plasmons G01N21/554detecting the surface plasmon resonance of nanostructured metals G01N21/57Measuring gloss G01N21/59Transmissivity G01N21/5907Densitometers G01N21/5911of the scanning type G01N21/61Non-dispersive gas analysers G01N21/62Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light G01N21/63optically excited G01N21/631using photolysis and investigating photolysed fragments G01N21/636using an arrangement of pump beam and probe beam; using the measurement of optical non-linear properties G01N21/64Fluorescence Phosphorescence G01N21/6402Atomic fluorescence; Laser induced fluorescence G01N21/6404Atomic fluorescence G01N21/6408with measurement of decay time, time resolved fluorescence G01N21/6428Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances G01N21/643non-biological material G01N21/6445Measuring fluorescence polarisation G01N21/6447by visual observation G01N21/645Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters G01N21/6452Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array G01N21/6454using an integrated detector array G01N21/6456Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging G01N21/6458Fluorescence microscopy G01N21/648using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence G01N21/6486Measuring fluorescence of biological material G01N21/6489Photoluminescence of semiconductors G01N21/65Raman scattering G01N21/658enhancement Raman G01N21/66electrically excited G01N21/67using electric arcs or discharges G01N21/68using high frequency electric fields G01N21/69specially adapted for fluids G01N21/70mechanically excited G01N21/71thermally excited G01N21/714Sample nebulisers for flame burners or plasma burners G01N21/716by measuring the radiation emitted by a test object treated by combustion gases for investigating the composition of gas mixtures G01N21/718Laser microanalysis G01N21/72using flame burners G01N21/73using plasma burners or torches G01N21/74using flameless atomising G01N21/75Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated G01N21/76Chemiluminescence Bioluminescence G01N21/763Bioluminescence G01N21/766of gases G01N21/77by observing the effect on a chemical indicator G01N21/7703using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides G01N21/774the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure G01N21/7743the reagent-coated grating coupling light in or out of the waveguide G01N21/7746the waveguide coupled to a cavity resonator G01N21/78producing a change of colour G01N21/783for analysing gases G01N21/79Photometric titration G01N21/80Indicating pH value G01N21/81Indicating humidity G01N21/82producing a precipitate or turbidity G01N21/83Turbidimetric titration G01N21/84Systems specially adapted for particular applications G01N21/8422Investigating thin films G01N21/8483Investigating reagent band G01N21/85Investigating moving fluids or granular solids G01N21/8507Probe photometers G01N21/86Investigating moving sheets G01N21/87Investigating jewels G01N21/88Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination G01N21/8803Visual inspection G01N21/8806Specially adapted optical and illumination features G01N21/8851Scan or image signal processing specially adapted therefor G01N21/89in moving material G01N21/8901Optical details; Scanning details G01N21/8903using a multiple detector array G01N21/8914characterised by the material examined G01N21/8915non-woven textile material G01N21/8916for testing photographic material G01N21/892characterised by the flaw, defect or object feature examined G01N21/8921Streaks G01N21/8922Periodic flaws G01N21/894Pinholes G01N21/896Optical defects in or on transparent materials G01N21/898irregularities in textured or patterned surfaces G01N21/8983for testing textile webs G01N21/8986Wood G01N21/90in a container or its contents G01N21/9009Non-optical constructional details affecting optical inspection G01N21/9018Dirt detection in containers G01N21/9027in containers after filling G01N21/9036using arrays of emitters or receivers G01N21/9045Inspection of ornamented or stippled container walls G01N21/9054Inspection of sealing surface and container finish G01N21/9072with illumination or detection from inside the container G01N21/9081Inspection especially designed for plastic containers G01N21/909in opaque containers or opaque container parts G01N21/91using penetration of dyes G01N21/93Detection standards Calibrating baseline adjustment, drift correction G01N21/94Investigating contamination G01N21/95characterised by the material or shape of the object to be examined G01N21/9501Semiconductor wafers G01N21/9503Wafer edge inspection G01N21/9505Wafer internal defects G01N21/9506Optical discs G01N21/9508Capsules; Tablets G01N21/951Balls G01N21/9515Objects of complex shape G01N21/952Inspecting the exterior surface of cylindrical bodies or wires G01N21/954Inspecting the inner surface of hollow bodies G01N21/956Inspecting patterns on the surface of objects G01N21/95607using a comparative method G01N21/95623using a spatial filtering method G01N21/95684Patterns showing highly reflecting parts G01N21/95692Patterns showing hole parts G01N21/958Inspecting transparent materials or objects